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From the mid-1950s through the mid1980s, migration between Mexico and the United States constituted a stable system whose contours were shaped by social and economic conditions well-theorized by prevailing models of migration. It evolved as a mostly circular movement of male workers going to a handful of U.S. states in response to changing conditions of labor supply and demand north and south of the border, relative wages prevailing in each nation, market failures and structural economic changes in Mexico, and the expansion of migrant networks following processes specified by neoclassical economics, segmented labor market theory, the new economics of labor migration, social capital theory, world systems theory, and theoretical models of state behavior. After 1986, however, the migration system was radically transformed, with the net rate of migration increasing sharply as movement shifted from a circular flow of male workers going a limited set of destinations to a nationwide population of settled families. This transformation stemmed from a dynamic process that occurred in the public arena to bring about an unprecedented militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border, and not because of shifts in social, economic, or political factors specified in prevailing theories. In this paper I draw on earlier work to describe that dynamic process and demonstrate its consequences, underscoring the need for greater theoretical attention to the self-interested actions of politicians, pundits, and bureaucrats who benefit from the social construction and political manufacture of immigration crises when none really exist.

AbstractDespite this being the era of migration, no systematic theory of international migration has emerged, nor is there an academic or political agreement on ways in which migration is a 'gendered' process. Both theoretically and as inputs in the policy‐making process, gender‐blind approaches have actually rendered the gender dimension of migration more or less invisible. Through an in‐depth examination of the place of gender in the key theories of migration and relevant sources of data, the paper seeks to take stock of how these theories treat this dimension and investigate the cross‐sectional challenges in uncovering gender in international migration data. It, therefore, provides a critical review of both theory and data by shedding much‐needed light on their neglect of the gender aspects. Our findings based on a conceptual review of the literature and a case study based on Eurostat data on migration drivers demonstrate that migration theories and statistics typically equate gender with sex, which limits our ability to develop a comprehensive understanding of how complex gender dimensions shape the migration process. Moreover, given the extent to which existing data and theories overlook the intersectionality between the drivers of migration and diversity within migrant groups, this gap in knowledge presents an obstacle to gender‐responsive migration governance. In light of this, the paper discusses priorities for 'gendering' international migration research. We argue that in addition to improving accuracy and coverage of sex‐disaggregated statistics on international migration, both regular and irregular, it is crucial to develop quantitative as well as qualitative indicators to monitor the gender dimension in this area.

Au Canada, la recherche sur la migration des autochtones vers les centres urbains a mis en avant l'importance de facteurs économiques, les mou‐vements de retour étant expliqués comme un échec lié aux difficultés d'adaptation. Les facteurs sous‐tendant la migration vers les villes ont été peu étudiés, et des études récentes ont mis l'accent sur l'ampleur des mouvements plutôt que sur d'autres théories. Cet article suggère des voies selon lesquelles on peut avoir recours à une approche systémique pour intégrer des facteurs des contextes politique, économique et social ainsi que des liens individuels, institutionnels et de culture de masse.The migration of Canadian Aboriginal people to cities has usually been understood as economically motivated, with return migration to Aboriginal communities resulting primarily from failure to adapt to urban life. However, the reasons underlying migration have rarely been directly addressed, and recent studies of migration have focussed on the size of flows, rather than relating this migration stream to theories of migration developed in other contexts. This paper suggests ways in which a systems perspective on migration can be used to incorporate elements of the political, economic and social context, as well as individual, institutional and mass culture links between the two areas.

Introduction / Wolfgang Gratzer, Nils Grosch, Ulrike Präger, Susanne Scheiblhofer -- Key Terms. Acculturation / Katarzyna Grebosz-Haring and Magnus Gaul ; Agency / Susanne Scheiblhofer ; Anti-racism / Imani Mosley ; Community / Ulrike Präger ; Creativity / Nils Grosch ; Critical Whiteness / Imani Mosley / Cultural Capital / Michael Parzer ; Cultural Economy / Michael Parzer ; Cultural Mobility / Nils Grosch ; Culture / Susanne Scheiblhofer ; Diaspora/Diasporic / Sandra Chatterjee ; Difference / Carolin Stahrenberg ; Digital Humanities / Markus Neuwirth ; Discourse / Wolfgang Gratzer ; Embodiment / Ulrike Präger ; Ethnicity / Philip V. Bohlman ; Exile / Nils Grosch ; Global History / Wolfgang Gratzer ; Histoire Croisée / Anna Langenbruch ; History / Wolfgang Gratzer ; Human Rights / M.J. Grant ; Identity / Nils Grosch ; Integration / Michael Parzer ; Intersectionality / Carolin Stahrenberg ; Liminality / Ulrike Präger ; Material Culture / Joachim Schlör ; Memory / Anna Langenbruch ; Migration / Wolfgang Gratzer ; Music / M.J. Grant ; Musical Analysis / Markus Neuwirth ; New Mobility Paradigm / Peter Adey ; Performance/Performativity / Sandra Chatterjee and Ulrike Präger ; Postcolonialism / Anja Brunner ; The Postmigrant / Sandra Chatterjee ; Racism / Sandra Chatterjee ; Research Ethics / Anna Papaeti and M. J. Grant ; Social Networks / Wolfgang Gratzer and Michael Parzer ; Sources/Archives / Anna Langenbruch ; Transculturality / Christina Richter-Ibáñez ; Translation / Christina Richter-Ibáñez ; Understanding / Wolfgang Gratzer

This article argues that female migratory flows in Italy can be considered as a gender-based method of female empowerment and social mobility of women (both within society and the family structure). In Italy, in the last three decades, the migration flow has changed in terms of magnitude, the subjects involved and the migration methods, making the difference between forced and voluntary migration slippery and confused. In spite of the overwhelming presence of women in migration flows, until recently the general assumption drew the international migrants as young, economically motivated men, totally neglecting the role of women. This article argues that by paying attention to the existing relationship between the women's social position and migration we can better understand aspects of the process of migration previously neglected. Moreover, this article aims to bridge the gap between the macro analysis (an almost exclusive focus on the structural causes of migration) and the micro dimension (a focus on the migrant as a rational subject). Finally, it aims to underline how deceptively and confused are the no-natural categorises of regular and irregular migrant. In this context, the article analyses the two main entering channels of female migrations in Italy: a specific aspect of the sex industry, namely trafficking for sexual exploitation, and the private care market.

The article is devoted to the substantiation of the author's model of foreign cadets' entry into the environment of Russian military universities in the conditions of globalization. The relevance of the presented problematics is connected with the radical opposition of the available theoretical models of adaptation in the practice of military universities. One of them reflects the tendency to adaptation, the conditions of which are set by radical re-quirements of military discipline, ideas about military brotherhood, and the task of educating patriots of their states, while the other one calls for the protection and preservation of the individuality of cadets of different na-tionalities. The authors propose a solution to these contradictions, which can lead to the confrontation between "their own" and "strangers", in the context of synthesizing the provisions of the theory of transculturalism and "segmental assimilation", which have not been previously applied to explain the problems of adaptation of for-eign cadets in Russian universities. The article presents a model of sociocultural adaptation of foreign cadets in the host space of a military university as a continuous interaction of different individuals, groups of ethnic and religious cultures, as well as Russian military and global cultures. The difference of the presented understand-ing is the belief in the mutual influence exerted on each other by the participants of the transcultural polylogue, which leads within the framework of a military university not to full assimilation, but to segmental fusion and mutual changes.

Neo-classical and neo-Marxist theories oppose each other in terms of explaining motivation for migration and its development impact. Neo-classical theories posit that migration occurs because of economic considerations: higher incomes and economic gain. Neo-Marxist theories emphasize that migration occurs because of unequal and structural levels of development between developed and developing countries, regions or areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa is relatively economically developed compared to other countries in the region and, according to neo-Marxist philosophy, exploits the labour from other poorer countries. In this case study, the focus is on migrant teachers from Zimbabwe. According to neo-Marxist- theories, migrants exist in an exploitative relationship with their host regions and/or countries. Apart from neo-classical and neo-Marxist theories, pluralist theories have evolved from these distinctive schools of thought that emphasize that migration is the result of a conscious family decision aimed at diversifying their resource base when faced with crises and/or scarcity, asserting that migration does indeed bring about development. This paper contends that neo-classical theories do apply to the case of Zimbabwean migrant teachers because they satisfactorily explain why these teachers came to South Africa, whereas neo-Marxist theories have limited relevance. Pluralist theories, however, through their emphasis on remittances, add meaning to people's motivations for, and the consequent impact of development related to this particular aspect of migration.